Intraoperative Cardiac Arrest due to Allergic Acute Coronary Syndrome (Kounis syndrome) Triggered by Cephalosporin

An acute coronary syndrome due to mast?cell activation in the presence of an allergen is known as Kounis Syndrome (KS). This relatively new entity of KS is being increasingly recognized among allergists, cardiologists, and emergency physicians; however, it is not well?known among anesthesiologists. We report here, a case of type 2 KS due to antibiotic administration causing sudden perioperative cardiac arrest.

A case of Kounis syndrome characterized by cardiac arrest / 中国综合临床

Kounis syndrome is an acute coronary syndrome associated with mast cell and platelet activation in the case of allergy or allergic injury. This case of Kounis syndrome type Ⅱ patients with myocardial infarction and cardiac arrest is rare. The patient came to the clinic because of wasp sting. During the treatment, he had cardiac arrest. After cardiopulmonary resuscitation, anti allergy, antithrombotic and coronary revascularization, his condition improved. After discharge, he was followed up regularly. After 1 month and 1 year follow-up, the patient had no chest pain, chest tightness, discomfort and allergic reaction.

Perioperative Kounis syndrome in an older adult

Introduction: Kounis syndrome (KS) is myocardial ischemia secondary to the release of inflam matory mediators (mastocyte degranulation) during an allergic reaction. Adult anaphylaxis is often triggered by medications, of which antibiotics are the most frequently reported. Objective: to study the presentation of and clinical approach to a patient with Kounis syndrome and increase the diagnostic suspicion of a disease which does not have a standardized treatment and is not supported by clinical practice guidelines. Case presentation: we present the case of a 62-year-old adult patient with chest pain and anginal equivalents following perioperative anaphylactic shock during a scheduled open cholecystectomy for gallstones, with subsequent acute myocardial infarction without ST elevation, and coronary artery lesions or atheromatous disease ruled out by arteriography. Conclusions: Kounis syndrome is an underdiagnosed entity with a variable clinical presenta tion and no concrete or standardized treatment. This therefore encourages the development of a greater case history and the structuring of widely disseminated guidelines for its treatment. (Acta Med Colomb 2022; 47. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2022.2289).

Introducción: el síndrome de Kounis (SDK) corresponde a una isquemia miocárdica secundaria a la liberación de mediadores inflamatorios (degranulación de mastocitos) durante una reacción alérgica. La anafilaxia en adultos comúnmente es desencadenada por medicamentos, de los cuales los antibióticos son los más frecuentemente informados. Objetivo: estudiar la forma de presentación y abordaje clínico de un paciente con síndrome de Kounis y aumentar la sospecha diagnóstica de una patología que no tiene un tratamiento estanda rizado o respaldado por guías de práctica clínica. Presentación de caso: se presenta el caso de una paciente adulta de 62 años con dolor pre cordial y equivalentes anginosos posterior a un choque anafiláctico perioperatorio durante una colecistectomía abierta realizada de forma programada por colelitiasis, con posterior infarto agudo de miocardio sin elevación del ST, con arteriografía que descartó lesiones en arterias coronarias o enfermedad ateromatosa. Conclusiones: el síndrome de Kounis es una entidad subdiagnosticada, con presentación clínica variable y sin un tratamiento concreto o estandarizado, lo que motiva a realizar una mayor casuística y estructurar recomendaciones de amplia difusión respecto a su tratamiento. (Acta Med Colomb 2022; 47. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2022.2289).

KOUNIS SYNDROME (ALLERGIC ANGINA): AN ELUSIVE DIAGNOSIS

We studied case series of 6 patients admitted with hypersensitivity and acute coronary syndrome. Kounis syndrome is local manifestation of generalised hypersensitivity reaction. Kounis syndrome (allergic angina) is not rare but rarely recognized and under-diagnosed. Serum tryptase is diagnostic biomarker of diagnose KS. Patients were treated with antihistaminic, adrenaline, steroid. In all patient having hypersensitivity reaction due to various triggers kounis syndrome should be suspected with high index of suspicion

Kounis Syndrome: Case Report in Goiânia/BR

Abstract 22-year-old male patient with no heart disease, who was given an ambulatory medication with analgesics due to an acute renal crisis. After the drug administration, the patient presented dyspnea, cyanosis, and hemoptysis. There was suspicion of anaphylactic shock, which was treated, but there was no improvement in the clinical condition. The patient was referred to the Intensive Care Unit, where tests were performed showing elevated cardiac enzymes and Immunoglobulin E and Computed Tomography of Thoracic revealed alveolar hemorrhage. He developed clinical worsening and died after sepsis. The final diagnosis was of kounis syndrome due to the hypersensitivity reaction to the analgesics introduced in the patient, generating an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The purpose of this case report was to highlight a syndrome that is little reported because it is not part of the differential diagnosis routines of ACS, but it generates important complications.

Síndrome de Kounis, un infarto olvidado: reporte de caso / Kounis syndrome, a forgotten infarction: case report

La anafilaxia es una causa poco frecuente de síndrome coronario agudo por vasoespasmo con o sin la presencia de enfermedad coronaria subyacente. Presentamos el caso de un síndrome de Kounis en un paciente masculino sin factores de riesgo conocidos para enfermedad coronaria quien presentó un síndrome coronario agudo con elevación de ST que requirió manejo con adrenalina, soporte vital básico e ingreso a Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos; con arteriografía coronaria sin evidencia de enfermedad subyacente.

Anaphylaxis is a rare cause of vasospasm acute coronary syndrome with or without the presence of underlying coronary disease. We present the case of Kounis syndrome in a male patient with no known risk factors for coronary heart disease who presented with acute coronary syndrome with elevation of ST that required management with epinephrine, basic life support, and admission to the Intensive Care Unit; with coronary arteriography without evidence of underlying disease.

A Case of Acute St-elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) Secondary to Anaphylactic Reaction: Type 2 Kounis Syndrome

@#Kounis syndrome (KS) is defined as acute coronary syndrome (ACS) induced by coronary vasospasm associated with an anaphylactic reaction. This condition was described in 1991 by Kounis, detailing potential pathophysiological pathways for coronary spasm. We report a case of Type 2 KS – a patient with stented coronary artery disease who presented with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) following intramuscular Diclofenac Sodium.

Kounis syndrome - Report of 4 cases / Síndrome de Kounis - Relato de 4 casos

Kounis syndrome is described as the occurrence of myocardial injury following a hypersensitivity reaction triggered by allergen exposure. The actual incidence is unknown, as most of the information comes from case reports and there are no international recommendations. Kounis syndrome does not seem to be rare but rather underdiagnosed. We report and discuss the clinical presentation and management of 4 cases of Kounis syndrome. All patients presented with anaphylaxis and chest pain. Patient age ranged from 44 to 83 years. Anaphylaxis triggers were nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics. It is important to recognize Kounis syndrome in order to conduct an adequate investigation and prevent further events. A major difficulty is that the treatment of the 2 entities (hypersensitivity reaction and acute coronary syndrome) may worsen each other. Large prospective studies are needed to establish definitive treatment guidelines for these patients.

A síndrome de Kounis caracteriza-se pela ocorrência de uma síndrome coronária aguda no contexto de uma reação alérgica concomitante desencadeada por exposição a um alergênio. A sua incidência real é desconhecida e não há consenso relativamente à abordagem, uma vez que a maioria dos dados provem de relatos de casos. A síndrome de Kounis não parece ser uma entidade rara, mas é infrequentemente diagnosticada. Apresentamos quatro casos, a sua apresentação clínica e abordagem diagnóstica e terapêutica. Todos os doentes, com idades entre os 44 e os 83 anos, se apresentaram com anafilaxia e dor torácica. Os fatores desencadeantes foram fármacos: anti-inflamatórios não esteroides e antibióticos. Torna-se importante reconhecer a síndrome de Kounis, de modo a que possa ser feita investigação adequada e prevenidos novos eventos. A grande dificuldade reside no fato de que o tratamento das duas entidades (Reação de hipersensibilidade e Síndrome coronária aguda), pode agravar uma à outra. São necessários estudos prospetivos alargados de modo a estabelecer diretrizes definitivas para o tratamento destes doentes.

A propósito del síndrome de Kounis / Concerning about Kounis syndrome

RESUMEN Fundamento: el síndrome de Kounis se caracteriza por la aparición de eventos coronarios agudos en el contexto de una reacción de hipersensibilidad, descrito por Nicholas G Kounis y GM Zavras en 1991, los investigadores manifiestan que, aunque no es habitual su diagnóstico, pudiera no ser una afección rara, sino infradiagnosticada. En la actualidad se carece de guías de práctica clínica para su adecuado manejo. Objetivo: actualizar los conocimientos sobre el síndrome de Kounis. Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica a través de los motores de búsqueda en Internet, Google Scholar y ResearchGate, se consultaron las bases de datos Pubmed, SciELO y Clinicalkey. Se utilizó el descriptor en ciencia de salud: síndrome de Kounis para la obtención de la información en artículos de elevado índice de citación, publicados hasta mayo del 2019 en los idiomas español o inglés. Se seleccionaron 53 artículos como citas, la mayoría de los últimos cinco años, 30 fueron reportes de caso y se utilizaron cuatro libros. Resultados: se aborda la evolución histórica del síndrome de Kounis desde su descripción inicial hasta la actualidad, así como su clasificación, manifestaciones clínicas, exámenes diagnósticos y tratamiento. Conclusiones: el síndrome de Kounis pudiera no ser una afección rara, sino infradiagnosticada. Sus mecanismos fisiopatológicos son diversos, complejos y están en estudio. Para el diagnóstico, se debe tener un alto índice de sospecha en el contexto de un paciente con anafilaxia y síndrome coronario agudo, este se basará en una adecuada evaluación clínica y exámenes complementarios. El facultativo debe mostrar gran pericia a la hora de conciliar la terapia, pues los fármacos que se utilizan en el síndrome coronario agudo pueden empeorar la anafilaxia y viceversa. Se necesitan guías de práctica clínica para su adecuado manejo.

ABSTRACT Background: Kounis syndrome is characterized by the appearance of acute coronary events in the context of a hypersensitivity reaction, described by Nicholas G Kounis and GM Zavras in 1991, the researchers state that, although its diagnosis is unusual, it may not be a rare condition, but underdiagnosed. Currently, there are no clinical practice guidelines for proper management. Objective: to update knowledge about Kounis syndrome. Methods: a bibliographic review was performed through the Internet search engines, Google Scholar and ResearchGate, the Pubmed, SciELO and Clinicalkey databases were consulted. The descriptor in health science: Kounis syndrome was used to obtain the information in articles with a high citation index, published until May 2019 in the Spanish or English languages. From them, 53 quotes were selected for review, most of them from last five years, 30 were case reports, and four books were used. Results: the historical evolution of Kounis syndrome is addressed from its initial description to the present, as well as its classification, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests and treatment. Conclusions: Kounis syndrome may not be a rare condition, but underdiagnosed. Its pathophysiological mechanisms are diverse, complex and are under study. For the diagnosis, a high index of suspicion must be taken in the context of a patient with anaphylaxis and acute coronary syndrome, this will be based on an adequate clinical evaluation and complementary examinations. The practitioner must show great expertise in reconciling therapy, since the drugs used in acute coronary syndrome can worsen anaphylaxis and vice versa. Clinical practice guidelines areneeded for proper management.

Síndrome de Kounis. A propósito de um caso clínico / Kounis syndrome. Apropos of a clinical case

RESUMO A síndrome de Kounis, enquanto síndrome coronária aguda, ocorre em um contexto de reação de hipersensibilidade, alergia ou anafilaxia, e subdivide-se em três tipos: o espasmo coronário em artérias normais, a instabilidade de placas em artérias coronárias ateroscleróticas e a trombose de stent coronário. Apresenta-se o caso de uma doente de 73 anos que, após administração de amoxicilina/ácido clavulânico, entra em parada cardiorrespiratória, com evidência de supradesnivelamento do segmento ST-T em eletrocardiograma. Realiza coronariografia com ausência de lesões obstrutivas, verificando-se resolução espontânea das alterações eletrocardiográficas. Revisão da anamnese com a família documenta alergia prévia à penicilina. O doseamento de triptase foi fortemente positivo. Foi admitida provável síndrome de Kounis tipo 2, com boa evolução clínica posterior.

ABSTRACT Kounis syndrome, while an acute coronary syndrome, occurs in the context of a hypersensitivity reaction, allergies, or anaphylaxis and is subdivided into three types: coronary spasm in normal arteries, instability of plaques in atherosclerotic coronary arteries, and thrombosis of coronary stents. Herein, the case of a 73-year-old patient who, after administration of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, went into cardiorespiratory arrest with evidence of ST-T segment elevation on electrocardiogram is reported. Coronarography revealed no obstructive lesions, and spontaneous resolution of electrocardiographic abnormalities was observed. A review of anamnesis with the family revealed a previous allergy to penicillin. The tryptase dosage was strongly positive. Kounis syndrome type 2 was diagnosed, and the clinical outcome was good.

Vasoespasmo coronario en un niño alérgico al látex: síndrome de Kounis / Coronary vasospasm in a child allergic to latex: Kounis syndrome

El síndrome de Kounis consiste en la aparición simultánea de anafilaxia y síndrome coronario agudo. Se trata de una entidad poco descrita y que puede estar infradiagnosticada en pediatría. Es crucial, por su presentación variable, atípica e inesperada, y por sus posibles complicaciones graves (arritmias ventriculares, infarto de miocardio, muerte súbita), su reconocimiento y tratamiento precoz, dirigido a la revascularización del miocardio y al tratamiento de la reacción anafiláctica concomitante. Se presenta el caso de un varón de 11 años que, tras el contacto con látex, presentó una reacción anafiláctica asociada a vasoespasmo coronario, con recuperación rápida y completa con la administración de adrenalina intramuscular. El estudio cardiológico descartó patología coronaria como causa del evento. El estudio alergológico puso de manifiesto un síndrome de reactividad cruzada látex-frutas (kiwi y piña). Se diagnosticó síndrome de Kounis tipo i desencadenado por látex, y se recomendó evitar posibles factores desencadenantes.

Kounis syndrome consists of the simultaneous occurrence of anaphylaxis and acute coronary syndrome. It is a rare entity that may be underdiagnosed in paediatrics. The clinical presentation is variable, atypical and usually unexpected, and it carries possible serious complications such as ventricular arrhythmias, myocardial infarction and sudden death. Therefore, an early diagnosis and treatment for myocardial revascularization and the anaphylactic reaction are crucial. We report the case of an 11-year-old male who, after contact with latex, presented an anaphylactic reaction associated with coronary vasospasm, with rapid and complete recovery after administration of intramuscular adrenaline. The cardiological study ruled out coronary pathology as the cause of the event. The allergy study revealed a latex-fruit (kiwi and pineapple) cross-reactivity syndrome. The patient was diagnosed with type I Kounis syndrome triggered by latex, recommending the avoidance of possible triggers.

Síndrome de Kounis como manifestación de anafilaxia / Kounis Syndrome as a manifestation of anaphylaxis

Introducción: el síndrome de Kounis corresponde a la isquemia miocárdica aguda relacionada con la liberación de mediadores inflamatorios que llevan a vasoespasmo coronario y/o complicación de una placa ateromatosa durante una reacción alérgica. La incidencia de eventos coronarios en procesos alérgicos en Estados Unidos es de 8 casos por 100000 habitantes por año. Métodos: describimos el caso de una mujer que desarrolla síndrome de Kounis, posterior a múltiples picaduras de abeja, recibiendo manejo en una unidad de cuidado intensivo de una institución de salud de Colombia. La paciente presentó un síndrome coronario agudo tipo infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST, con arteriografía coronaria en la cual se evidenció ausencia de lesiones vasculares o vasoespasmo, con presencia de un trombo flotante en la arteria descendente anterior, sin evidencia de enfermedad ateroesclerótica. Resultados: el síndrome de Kounis es frecuente en los pacientes con anafilaxia, sin embargo, se informa poco en la literatura, debido a la falta de sospecha diagnostica y al poco reconocimiento clínico. Los síntomas de este síndrome pueden ser típicos como el dolor torácico opresivo de gran intensidad irradiado a miembro superior izquierdo o a cuello, o atípicos como disnea, nauseas o palpitaciones, los cuales pueden confundirse con las manifestaciones del proceso anafiláctico. Conclusiones: en la actualidad no existen guías para el tratamiento del síndrome y depende de la forma de presentación, comorbilidades y disponibilidad de un grupo médico interdisciplinar, que incluya monitoria y vigilancia en una unidad de cuidado intensivo.(AU)

Introduction: Kounis syndrome refers to the myocardial ischemia which results from the release of inflammatory-provoking mediators during an allergic reaction thereby causing coronary vasospasm and/or complication brought on by atheromatous plaque. The incidence of coronary disease induced by allergies in the United States is 8 cases per 100000 inhabitants per year. Methods: we cite the case of a woman who developed Kounis syndrome after receiving multiple bee stings. She was treated in the intensive care unit of a Colombian health institution. The patient presented with acute myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation, and with no presence of vascular lesions or vasospasm during the coronary arteriography. It was further noted that there was a floating thrombus in the anterior descending artery without evidence of atherosclerotic disease. Results: Kounis syndrome is frequent in patients with anaphylaxis, however, only a few cases are reported in studies due to the lack of diagnostic suspicion and little clinical recognition. Symptoms suggesting this syndrome may be typical, such as oppressive chest pain which radiates to the upper left limb or neck, or atypical such as dyspnea, nausea, or palpitations which may be confused with the manifestations of the anaphylactic process. Conclusions: currently there are no directives for the treatment of the syndrome. It depends upon the manner of presentation, comorbidities, and the availability of an interdisciplinary medical group. It requires monitoring and surveillance in an intensive care unit.(AU)

Angina after anaphylaxis treatment

@#Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening emergency, and adrenaline is the mainstay treatment for this condition. However, there have been a few reported cases of patients experiencing cardiovascular complications, such as myocardial infarction and coronary vasospasm, after its use. We highlight such a case in a young, healthy patient and the important differentials to consider.

A case of myocardial injury caused by allergy / 中国综合临床

Objective Urticaria,itchy skin,chest tightness,abdominal pain and anaphylactic shock are the common clinical manifestations of allergic reactions.In addition,the relevant literature indicates that allergies can cause coronary vasospasm or rupture of atherosclerotic plaque, leading to acute coronary syndrome,which is named Kounis syndrome.Here we report a case of a child admitted to the emergency departments with myocardial injury and ST depression on electrocardiography while a severe allergic reaction.The patient was discharged from the hospital after receiving anti?allergic and nutritional myocardial medication.I hope that we can learn more about Kounis syndrome through this case.

A Case of Zaltoprofen Induced Kounis Syndrome

Kounis syndrome is defined as the occurrence of acute coronary syndrome associated with vasoactive mediators, such as histamines in the setting of hypersensitivity and allergic reactions or anaphylactic insults. The condition can be caused by various drugs, foods, or environmental factors that cause allergic reactions. A 35-year-old male visited the emergency room with anaphylaxis accompanied by chest pain approximately 20 minutes after taking zaltoprofen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. After acute treatment for the anaphylaxis, the patient was stabilized and all symptoms disappeared, but the ischemic changes in the electrocardiogram and elevation of the cardiac enzymes were observed. The emergency cardiac angiography and echocardiography were all normal. The allergic reaction of this patient to zaltoprofen was believed to cause a temporary coronary arterial vasospasm, inducing Type 1 Kounis syndrome. Thus far, there have been case reports of Kounis syndrome caused by a range of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, but there are no reports of the condition being caused by zaltoprofen. According to the pathophysiology, both cardiac and allergic symptoms must be solved simultaneously, so rapid treatment and diagnosis are needed. Doctors treating acute allergic reactions and anaphylaxis patients must check the cardiovascular symptoms thoroughly and consider the possibility of Kounis syndrome.

Allergic myocardial ischemia secondary to ibuprofen, Kounis syndrome. Case report / Isquemia miocárdica alérgica secundaria a ibuprofeno, síndrome de Kounis. Reporte de un caso

Abstract: Background: Kounis syndrome was described in 1991 as the simultaneous occurrence of acute coronary events and anaphylactic allergic reactions. Reports of clinical cases and series of small cases of angina triggered by allergic reactions have been reported for many years. It encompasses concepts such as allergic angina and allergic infarction. Case report: We report a case of a 47-year-old man with a history of fixed drug eruption for 10 years. The patient attended to the hospital with a moderate-intensity chest pain, electrocardiogram was performed which was compatible with acute coronary syndrome without ST-segment elevation; it progressed favorably with treatment by protocol. The subsequent study showed hypersensitivity to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cardiovascular tests was negative, and it was concluded as a case of allergic angina. Conclusions: Kounis syndrome is a difficult to diagnose entity that requires a high index of suspicion in the evaluation of patients with chest pain in the Emergency Department.(AU)

Resumen: Antecedentes: El síndrome de Kounis fue descrito en 1991 como la aparición simultánea de eventos coronarios agudos y reacciones alérgicas anafilácticas. Casos clínicos y pequeñas series de casos de angina generada por reacciones alérgicas han sido reportados en varios años. Engloba conceptos como el de angina alérgica e infarto alérgico. Caso clínico: Presentamos un caso clínico de un hombre de 47 años de edad, con antecedentes de eritema fijo medicamentoso desde hace 10 años. Acude al Departamento de Emergencia por presentar dolor torácico de moderada intensidad, se realiza electrocardiograma el cual es compatible con síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del segmento ST. Evolucionó favorablemente con tratamiento según protocolo. El estudio posterior demostró hipersensibilidad a antiinflamatorios no esteroideos y las pruebas de estratificación de isquemia cardiovascular fueron negativas, por lo que se concluyó como un caso de angina alérgica. Conclusiones: El síndrome de Kounis es una entidad de difícil diagnóstico que requiere un alto índice de sospecha en la valoración de pacientes con dolor torácico en el Departamento de Emergencia.(AU)

One case of Kounis syndrome caused by cervus and cucumis polypeptide / 天津医药

@#The cervus and cucumis polypeptide is widely used in clinical practice, mainly for arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, various types of fractures, lumbocrural pain and other diseases. Reports of Kounis syndrome (anaphylaxis associated acute myocardial ischemia syndrome) caused by cervus and cucumis polypeptide are rare. In this paper, cervus and cucumis polypeptide was applied for osteoarthritis of the patient with no history of coronary heart disease. Kounis syndrome appeared after intravenous drip for one minute. The patient was cured and discharged after treatment with antianaphylaxis and acute myocardial ischemia. As a common clinical drug, the cervus and cucumis polypeptide should be alert to the possibility of Kounis syndrome if acute myocardial ischemia occurs.